Fault Detection and Isolation of Wind Turbines using Immune System Inspired Algorithms

Recently, the research focus on renewable sources of energy has been growing intensively. This is mainly due to potential depletion of fossil fuels and its associated environmental concerns, such as pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Wind energy is one of the fastest growing sources of renewable energy, and policy makers in both developing and developed countries have built their vision on future energy supply based on and by emphasizing the wind power. The increase in the number of wind turbines, as well as their size, have led to undeniable care and attention to health and condition monitoring as well as fault diagnosis of wind turbine systems and their components. In this thesis, two main immune inspired algorithms are used to perform Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) of a Wind Turbine (WT), namely the Negative Selection Algorithm (NSA) as well as the Dendritic Cell Algorithm (DCA). First, an NSA-based fault diagnosis methodology is proposed in which a hierarchical bank of NSAs is used to detect and isolate both individual as well as simultaneously occurring faults common to the wind turbines. A smoothing moving window filter is then utilized to further improve the reliability and performance of the proposed FDI scheme. Moreover, the performance of the proposed scheme is compared with the state-of-the-art data-driven technique, namely Support Vector Machine (SVM) to demonstrate and illustrate the superiority and advantages of the proposed NSA-based FDI scheme. Finally, a nonparametric statistical comparison test is implemented to evaluate the proposed methodology with that of the SVM under various fault severities. In the second part, another immune inspired methodology, namely the Dendritic Cell Algorithm (DCA) is used to perform online sensor fault FDI. A noise filter is also designed to attenuate the measurement noise, resulting in better FDI results. The proposed DCA-based FDI scheme is then compared with the previously developed NSA-based FDI scheme, and a nonparametric statistical comparison test is also performed. Both of the proposed immune inspired frameworks are applied to a well-known wind turbine benchmark model in order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodologies

Continuous K-g-fusion frames in Hilbert spaces

This paper aims at introducing the concept of c-K-g-fusion frames, which are generalizations of K-g-fusion frames, proving some new results on c-K-g-fusion frames in Hilbert spaces, defining duality of c-K-g-fusion frames and characterizing the kinds of the duals, and discussing the perturbation of c-K-g-fusion frames.Publisher's Versio

DECELLULARIZATION OF LUNG TISSUE AND ANALYSIS OF ITS DIFFERENTIATIVE POTENTIAL ON BONE MARROW MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS OF RAT

Background: Pulmonary diseases are one of the most common causes of mortality worldwide. In some cases lung transplantation is the only curative treatment. Unfortunately, very few lungs are available for transplantation and also the 5-year survival after lung transplantation is only 50%. Furthermore, transplant recipients require immunosuppressant therapy in that’s time. Currently, production of engineered lung tissue using in vitro stem cells is a promising approach. Extraction of natural ECM or decellularization of lung and application of it in tissue engineering is one of the most important strategies in this regard. Using this technique can preserve the natural characteristics of the ECM and would leads to the removal of the immunogen agents (MHC I, II) and allows reconstruction of graft. Objective: In this study we have decellularized rat lung and cultured bone marrow stem cells on it to evaluate differentiative potential of it. Methods: In this study along with extraction of rat lung, its femur and tibia bones were also isolated for extraction of mesenchymal stem cells. Lung tissue was decellularized using SDS detergent. SEM and H&E staining used to assay decellularization. Finally mesenchymal stem cells were seed on the decellularized tissue sections and immunocytochemistry for CC10 and SPD; as markers for differentiation toward lung cells, performed on these cells after 21 days. Results:In the H&E slides of decellularized tissue there were not any cells. In the electron microscope images of decellularized tissue compared with normal tissue, alveolar structure was well maintained. Also, immunocytochemistry assay showed evidence of differentiation of seeded mesenchymal cells toward lung tissue cells. Conclusion:In this method decellularization take place without any significant change in tissue structure. Decellularized tissue can induce differentiation of bone marrow stem cells toward lung epithelial cells so natural ECM saved relatively

Effect of Pruning on Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)

The objectives of this study were to determine whether bud pruning severity impacts some pomological traits of white and red varieties of table grapes. Vine canes were pruned to 3 or 6 buds in 12-year-old vines in conventional systems. Results revealed that number of bunches, bunch weight, bunch width, number of shot berries, and berries per bunch was significantly (p<0.05) affected by the bud pruning, whereas bud pruning had no significant effect on bunch length. In general, moderate bud pruning can enhance the nutritional quality of table grapes

Kinetic study of the regeneration of spent caustic via the genetic algorithm method

Background: Spent caustic contains noxious components such as sulfide species and also high chemical oxygen demand content (COD). Oxidation of these materials to caustic and sulfate species is mostly the rate-controlling step within catalytic oxidation of spent caustic. Methods: In this study, the kinetics of catalytic oxidation of spent caustic and the regeneration methodology of the sulfidic spent caustic were investigated. The kinetics of catalytic oxidation of spent caustic was studied in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst. The developed mathematical model was verified via the batch bubble column reactor. The elementary and non-elementary models based on the genetic algorithm were used to obtain the rate coefficient and kinetic order. Results: The experiments were carried out at various conditions. The results indicated that the error of objective function of the non-elementary and elementary models was 3.01% and 134.96%, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results, the non-elementary model had rational outcome compared to the elementary one. Also, non-elemental model is more concordance with experimental results. Keywords: Caustic, Kinetic, Regeneration, Catalysi

Research Article Application of City Development Strategy for Improvement of Informal Settlements in Iran: Case Study of Mouzirj Neighborhood of Babol

Abstract: Informal settlements are an undesirable consequence of the rapid growth of urbanization in contemporary society and a major challenge facing cities, especially in developing countries. The common policy of government disbanding of informal settlements contradicts the basic human right to shelter. A more realistic and humane approach is tolerance and gradual integration of such areas into the established city. In Iran, in parallel with urbanization, the development of informal settlements is a common phenomenon in contemporary cities. The Mouzirj neighborhood on the western edge of the city of Babol is an informal settlement. It faces physical, economic, social, legal and environmental problems. Providing solutions for improvement of Mouzirj will increase safety and bring the neighborhood into compliance with standards for residential neighborhoods. This study used the City Development Strategy (CDS) to improve this informal settlement in Babol. The research used a descriptiveanalytical approach and field studies to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for the SWOT method and develop suitable strategies for improving the informal settlement. Strategies were prioritized using the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) model and the solutions were suggested for improving the region

Effects of cold stratification and chemical treatments on seed germination in four hazelnut cultivars

Propagation of European hazelnut by seed is influenced by some seed treatments. In this investigation, effect of stratification period and some chemicals on seeds of four hazelnut cultivars were studied. GA3 and four months of stratification, each individually resulted in the highest germination percentage at 82.73% and 83.75%, respectively. There were significant differences between cultivars and treatments in terms of germination percentage and rate. The highest germination percentage and rate were observed in the local cultivar Gerd under GA3 treatment at 100 mg/L and also after four months of stratification